56,506 research outputs found
Continental-scale patterns of pathogen prevalence: a case study on the corncrake
Pathogen infections can represent a substantial threat to wild populations, especially those already limited in size. To determine how much variation in the pathogens observed among fragmented populations is caused by ecological factors, one needs to examine systems where host genetic diversity is consistent among the populations, thus controlling for any potentially confounding genetic effects. Here, we report geographic variation in haemosporidian infection among European populations of corncrake. This species now occurs in fragmented populations, but there is little genetic structure and equally high levels of genetic diversity among these populations. We observed a longitudinal gradient of prevalence from western to Eastern Europe negatively correlated with national agricultural yield, but positively correlated with corncrake census population sizes when only the most widespread lineage is considered. This likely reveals a possible impact of local agriculture intensity, which reduced host population densities in Western Europe and, potentially, insect vector abundance, thus reducing the transmission of pathogens. We conclude that in the corncrake system, where metapopulation dynamics resulted in variations in local census population sizes, but not in the genetic impoverishment of these populations, anthropogenic activity has led to a reduction in host populations and pathogen prevalence
A Review of the Monitoring of Market Power The Possible Roles of TSOs in Monitoring for Market Power Issues in Congested Transmission Systems
The paper surveys the literature and publicly available information on market power monitoring in electricity wholesale markets. After briefly reviewing definitions, strategies and methods of mitigating market power we examine the various methods of detecting market power that have been employed by academics and market monitors/regulators. These techniques include structural and behavioural indices and analysis as well as various simulation approaches. The applications of these tools range from spot market mitigation and congestion management through to long-term market design assessment and merger decisions. Various market-power monitoring units already track market behaviour and produce indices. Our survey shows that these units collect a large amount of data from various market participants and we identify the crucial role of the transmission system operators with their access to dispatch and system information. Easily accessible and comprehensive data supports effective market power monitoring and facilitates market design evaluation. The discretion required for effective market monitoring is facilitated by institutional independence.Electricity, liberalisation, market power, regulation
Quasi-isotropic spacecraft antenna system Final report
Spacecraft quasi-isotropic antenna system for space telemetr
Supernova Ejecta in the Youngest Galactic Supernova Remnant G1.9+0.3
G1.9+0.3 is the youngest known Galactic supernova remnant (SNR), with an
estimated supernova (SN) explosion date of about 1900, and most likely located
near the Galactic Center. Only the outermost ejecta layers with free-expansion
velocities larger than about 18,000 km/s have been shocked so far in this
dynamically young, likely Type Ia SNR. A long (980 ks) Chandra observation in
2011 allowed spatially-resolved spectroscopy of heavy-element ejecta. We
denoised Chandra data with the spatio-spectral method of Krishnamurthy et al.,
and used a wavelet-based technique to spatially localize thermal emission
produced by intermediate-mass elements (IMEs: Si and S) and iron. The spatial
distribution of both IMEs and Fe is extremely asymmetric, with the strongest
ejecta emission in the northern rim. Fe Kalpha emission is particularly
prominent there, and fits with thermal models indicate strongly oversolar Fe
abundances. In a localized, outlying region in the northern rim, IMEs are less
abundant than Fe, indicating that undiluted Fe-group elements (including 56Ni)
with velocities larger than 18,000 km/s were ejected by this SN. But in the
inner west rim, we find Si- and S-rich ejecta without any traces of Fe, so
high-velocity products of O-burning were also ejected. G1.9+0.3 appears similar
to energetic Type Ia SNe such as SN 2010jn where iron-group elements at such
high free-expansion velocities have been recently detected. The pronounced
asymmetry in the ejecta distribution and abundance inhomogeneities are best
explained by a strongly asymmetric SN explosion, similar to those produced in
some recent 3D delayed-detonation Type Ia models.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, submitted to ApJ Letter
Nonuniform Expansion of the Youngest Galactic Supernova Remnant G1.9+0.3
We report measurements of X-ray expansion of the youngest Galactic supernova
remnant, G1.9+0.3, using Chandra observations in 2007, 2009, and 2011. The
measured rates strongly deviate from uniform expansion, decreasing radially by
about 60% along the X-ray bright SE-NW axis from 0.84% +/- 0.06% per yr to
0.52% +/- 0.03% per yr. This corresponds to undecelerated ages of 120-190 yr,
confirming the young age of G1.9+0.3, and implying a significant deceleration
of the blast wave. The synchrotron-dominated X-ray emission brightens at a rate
of 1.9% +/- 0.4% per yr. We identify bright outer and inner rims with the blast
wave and reverse shock, respectively. Sharp density gradients in either ejecta
or ambient medium are required to produce the sudden deceleration of the
reverse shock or the blast wave implied by the large spread in expansion ages.
The blast wave could have been decelerated recently by an encounter with a
modest density discontinuity in the ambient medium, such as found at a wind
termination shock, requiring strong mass loss in the progenitor. Alternatively,
the reverse shock might have encountered an order-of-magnitude density
discontinuity within the ejecta, such as found in pulsating delayed-detonation
Type Ia models. We demonstrate that the blast wave is much more decelerated
than the reverse shock in these models for remnants at ages similar to
G1.9+0.3. Similar effects may also be produced by dense shells possibly
associated with high-velocity features in Type Ia spectra. Accounting for the
asymmetry of G1.9+0.3 will require more realistic 3D Type Ia models.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letters, minor
revision
Performance evaluation of wheels for lunar vehicles
Performance evaluation of wheels for lunar vehicle
Radio Images of 3C 58: Expansion and Motion of its Wisp
New 1.4 GHz VLA observations of the pulsar-powered supernova remnant 3C 58
have resulted in the highest-quality radio images of this object to date. The
images show filamentary structure over the body of the nebula. The present
observations were combined with earlier ones from 1984 and 1991 to investigate
the variability of the radio emission on a variety of time-scales. No
significant changes are seen over a 110 day interval. In particular, the upper
limit on the apparent projected velocity of the wisp is 0.05c. The expansion
rate of the radio nebula was determined between 1984 and 2004, and is
0.014+/-0.003%/year, corresponding to a velocity of 630+/-70 km/s along the
major axis. If 3C 58 is the remnant of SN 1181, it must have been strongly
decelerated, which is unlikely given the absence of emission from the supernova
shell. Alternatively, the low expansion speed and a number of other arguments
suggest that 3C 58 may be several thousand years old and not be the remnant of
SN 1181.Comment: 12 pages; accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa
CdS solar cell development Interim technical report
Cadmium sulfide solar cell design criteri
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